This volume, a collaboration of Swedish SIDA and the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD), presents research on the social and developmental aspects of HIV and AIDS prevention and treatment. The papers highlight treatment and prevention, epidemiological analysis, stigma and discrimination, human rights, the role of the private sector, and community responses and innovative approaches to open discussion of sexuality and risk behaviour
This paper is a literature and evidence survey of cross-generational and transactional sex in Africa. It examines the age and economic asymmetries in sexual relationships in an African context, prevalence of cross-generational and transactional sexual relationships, adolescent girls' and men's motivations and adolescent girls' negotiating power in relationships. It comes to the conclusion that adolescent girls have power when negotiating the start and end of relationships and they are strongly motivated to enter into cross-generational relationships for the material benefits and status that they bring. However, once they have entered the relaltionship the balance of power shifts to the man, especially in the context of gift-giving.
The paper also examines the evidence around cultural acceptance of cross-generational and transactional sexual relationships, violence and rape within the relationships, multiple relationships, and outcome of the relationships. The authors' recommendations are to: gather policy support for changing the social norm; mount programmatic responses; conduct research to investigate the success of programmatic responses, document the policy process, and fill other important information gaps
This report contains statistics on children orphaned by HIV/AIDS from 88 different countries, analysis of the trends found in these statistics and principles for helping children. This is the third report in a series (previous reports in 1997 and 2000) and is a collaboration between USAID, UNICEF and UNAIDS. Critical points addressed in the report are that HIV/AIDS has created an orphan crisis, but that orphans due to other causes also need attention. AIDS threatens chidren's lives, and communities with a high proportion of orphans requiring urgent assistance. The crisis is such that no one can act alone and therefore collaboration is the key
Rural households are managing as best they can in a rapidly changing and often threatening world which makes them vulnerable to the risk of HIV infection and ill equipped to cope with the effects of AIDS. Their chances of managing can be improved if they function in a supportive environment. However, in many cases this supportive environment does not exist and communities have to build their own resilience if they are to prove effective allies for rural households. Despite the difficulties of such a task, as shown in this paper, it is feasible. Certain conditions have to be met and pitfalls avoided in order to set up processes leading to sustainability and benefit all households as stakeholders. Such awareness is important for the communities themselves, but also for those providing outside assistance in order to trigger the building of community resilience and sustainability for all households, including in HIV/AIDS prevention and mitigation. This paper also reviews from a South East Asian perspective some of the lessons to be drawn from the global and African experiences and highlights some of the specificities and challenges of the region
This literature review covers key issues relating to children aged 3-12 and HIV/AIDS, including discrimination, grief, children's rights, and knowledge and understanding of HIV/AIDS. The impact on the child, family and community is discussed in detail, particularly in terms of the psycho-social impact of bereavement and how this impacts on the child at different stages in its development. Various community programmes within southern Africa are highlighted, which support children to develop life skills. The influence, role and practice of the media in working with and reaching children is addressed, and case studies of South African media projects such as Soul Buddyz and Takalani Sesame are provided
This sourcebook takes the belief that participatory research with older people should form a key element of local and national government policy-making in areas such as health, employment and social welfare; programme planning by international aid agencies; and advocacy for and by older people. It has been produced to meet the need for a non-specialist sourcebook to help with all stages of participatory research with older people, and offers a clear overview of the whole process
This is a key report that documents community responses and coping mechanisms towards the HIV/AIDS pandemic in relation to children affected by AIDS (CABA) and orphans and vulnerable children (OVC). Fostering families are under enormous strain and local initiatives at the community level have been little studied or documented, and few organisations have sought to encourage their development. The paper analyses some of these initiatives and encourages external agencies to support them through building the capacity of local responses rather than imposing external solutions
This report brings together experience from a wide range of countries. It identifies underlying principles, which inform practice across a wide range of contexts, and provides brief illustrations from a number of countries. It aims to help education administrators and decision-makers to move beyond the making of policy commitments towards the implementation of inclusive education
This resource provides an important contribution and understanding of how community-based rehabilitation (CBR) operates in Africa. It contains the experiences and reflections of key stakeholders within CBR from 14 African countries. It will contribute to a more mutual and holistic understanding of the concept of CBR and bring about the development of new initiatives. This book is useful tool for CBR planners, policy-makers and managers
A comprehensive toolkit designed for people and organisations that support NGOs/CBOs responding to HIV/AIDS in developing countries. Introduces the concept of advocacy ('influencing people and organisations in power to create an environment which protects the rights, health and welfare of everyone'); provides a step-by-step guide to planning and implementing advocacy work; and provides information and skills-building activities. Includes 'A facilitator's guide to participatory workshops' and '100 ways to energise groups : games to use in workshops, meetings and the community'. All materials are on the CD-ROM, which is included in the pack, and on the International HIV/AIDS Alliance website
This study on how disabled people experience community -based rehabilitation (CBR), based on the experience of the users themselves, is a useful resource for CBR managers and policy makers
This meeting was an opportunity for Global Alliance members to take stock of activities related to lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination programmes at country, regional and global levels. This report aims to capture the basic elements of the discussion at the meeting. The aim was to enable the Alliance to build on progress to date and scale up coverage to ensure that by 2020 LF is eliminated. It is a useful resource for health managers
Describes the relationships between health & health research, development, poverty alleviation and global security. Explores the idea of health research governance, and recent initiatives in this area. Reviews progress made in the field of priority-setting methodologies, including the 'combined approach matrix'. Gives overview of research priority areas, summarizes public and private investment in health research. Reviews efforts to build networks and partnerships in some priority areas
The Global hiv Prevention Working Group, convened by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, seeks to generate a greatly expanded commitment to preventing hiv transmission as part of a comprehensive approach to fighting the global epidemic. Both developed and developing countries have demonstrated that existing prevention strategies can have a major impact. This 'blueprint for action' - the first report of the Working Group - provides a road map for rapidly scaling up prevention programs to contain and ultimately reverse the aids epidemic. The report reviews the scientific literature on the effectiveness of hiv prevention interventions, identifies obstacles to quickly expanding prevention programs, and makes specific recommendations to prevent millions of infections this decade
This publication distills what is known about environmental health during an emergency or disaster. It is intended for practitioners as well as for policy makers and researchers, and covers both general and tecnical aspects of environmental health. Part 1 presents a conceptual framework for understanding environmental health issues in the context of disaster management. Part 2 pulls togetther a series of best pratices and stategies for risk reduction in a number of fields
Bibliography of WHO documents relating to adolescent health and development. It is divided into four sections which follow the logical programming steps: building political commitment, assessing priorities for action, maintaining implementation, and monitoring and evaluation
This study reviews the current use of the United Nations human rights instruments and how they can be developed further. It addresses the shift from a charity based and medical approach towards a human rights, advocacy and empowerment based approach of disabled people's organisations.The study examines different human rights conventions and how they can be applied to people with disabilities and offers national case studies.The study is aimed at people with disabilities, policy makers and organisations working with disabled people
This country report describes the situation of disabled people in the Philippines. It gives an overview about the country, reviews the legislation, describes disability organisations and development agencies and lays out the results of a participatory programme. In addition to this, the report analyses the connections between disability and poverty by reviewing the current programmes and showing the gaps. The recommendations of the report urge to pay special attention to activities in the fields of inclusion, participation, access and quality
The social and environmental circumstances that lead vulnerable people to have unprotected sex, exposing them to infections, have to be resolved through addressing the causes of poverty, gender discrimination, and the use of sex as a commodity. This book addresses the impact of HIV without prejudice, by taking a human rights stance. It is useful for trainers, programme planners, policy-makers and CBR programmes
This Roll Back Malaria (RBM) publication focuses on community involvement in malaria control. Community based health initiatives enable the 'home to be the first hospital' and are the life support systems of people who are poor, isolated and living in rural areas. The publication sets out the main areas of community participation and RBM's efforts to ensure that the health care needs of those most at risk of malaria are met. RBM's action at community level is based on some principles of community participation; broadening partnership; building upon experience; developing community-level intervention channels; improving linkages between communities and the district health system; strengthening district capacity for RBM community actions; strengthening community self-monitoring and decision-making; and effective communications strategy
