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Access to antiretroviral drugs in Brazil

GALVAO, Jane
December 2002

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Since 1996, the Brazilian Ministry of Health has guaranteed free and universal access to antiretroviral treatment for people living with HIV/AIDS. Implementation of this policy has had political, financial, and logistical challenges. This article investigates the history and context of antiretroviral policy in Brazil, the logistics of the drugs distribution, and the government's strategies for acquisition of the drugs. Many antiretrovirals used in Brazil are produced domestically; the remainder, including some of the most expensive drugs, are purchased from abroad. Although the Brazilian policy of antiretroviral distribution has had notable success, it remains threatened by the high cost of acquisition of drugs, which has led to disputes with international pharmaceutical companies over prices and patents. Whether or not the Brazilian model of guaranteeing access to antiretroviral treatment for people living with HIV/AIDS can be applied in other countries or regions, much can be learned from the country's experience

World Youth Report 2003 : report of the Secretary-General

UNITED NATIONS. Commission for Social Development
December 2002

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Official UN report, divided into two sections: (i) highlights of the current global situation of youth -- includes priority areas and new concerns; (ii) evaluation of the fourth session of the World Youth Forum

Developing materials on HIV/AIDS/STIs for low-literate audiences

FAMILY HEALTH INTERNATIONAL (FHI)
PROGRAM FOR APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY AND HEALTH (PATH)
December 2002

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This manual provides a comprehensive methodology for developing materials for a low-literate audience in the context of a behaviour change communication program. It demonstrates the process of learning about target populations using qualitative research methodologies, developing effective messages with thir input, and crafting visual messages to support the overall HIV and AIDS program. Involving the target population and stakeholders in the development process is key to ensuring high-quality effective print materials. Finally, the guide outlines the process for rigorous pretesting to ensure that the information and issues are understood by the population groups that programs are trying to reach and influence. It can be adapted and used to develop audio-visual materials or materials for other target groups

Meeting the HIV/AIDS challenge to food secutiry : the role of labour saving technologies in farm-households

DU GUERNAY, Jacques
December 2002

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The paper focuses on the various types and levels of constraints faced by farm-households as a production and reproduction system within a farming system. These constraints include time and energy limitations created by HIV/AIDS provoked shortages. The paper highlights the contributions various labour saving technologies (LSTs) could provide while also stressing the conditions, including gender ones, which have to be met in order to introduce LSTs successfully. LSTs are a partial solution to HIV/AIDS problems, but also represent a challenge to the way agriculture is practiced and to common policies in both agriculture and HIV/AIDS. The focus on LSTs is a fertile field for cooperation between sectors, between public and private institutions, North-South and South-South

An evaluation of POLICY's advocacy manual : Networking for policy change

DAVENPORT, Anne
FERANIL, Imelda Z
December 2002

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Describes the methodology and results of an evaluation of the POLICY project's popular Advocacy Manual. Tools used include written questionnaires, questionnaire-based interviews, focus group discussions and project records. Questionnaires were developed for different target groups: country managers/resident advisors, trainers, and workshops participants. Questionnaires covered the manual's content, organisation, and language, its application, and outcome and impact. Results are mostly qualitative and are synthesized by the evaluators, and illustrated with excerpts from respondents. The suggestions may be useful to others using POLICY's manual or developing a similar advocacy training resource

Rural healthcare delivery : connecting communities through technology

TURISCO, Fran
METZGER, Jane
December 2002

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The report aims to provide an overview of practical technology solutions for rural providers and to help them get started. It assists readers in understanding technology and provides case examples of technology solutions. It raises practical issues in getting started and provides a list of other resources on the subject. The report is geared to a US-based audience and does not specifically cover developing country issues

One step further : responses to HIV/AIDS

SISASK, Anne
Ed
December 2002

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This volume, a collaboration of Swedish SIDA and the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD), presents research on the social and developmental aspects of HIV and AIDS prevention and treatment. The papers highlight treatment and prevention, epidemiological analysis, stigma and discrimination, human rights, the role of the private sector, and community responses and innovative approaches to open discussion of sexuality and risk behaviour

Fatally flawed : cluster bombs and their use by the United States in Afghanistan

HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH
December 2002

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This report investigates the use of cluster bombs in Afghanistan, by the United States. This work argues that despite advances that have improved the accuracy and targeting of cluster bombs they still predominantly and unjustly impact civilians. This report also examines the after effect of cluster munitions and offers a set of legislative recommendations

Poor, disabled and shut out

WOLFENSOHN, James D
December 2002

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This article advocates for an increase in inclusive development work that more fully considers the needs of disabled people. The author puts forward a set of recommendations including development projects that prioritise accessible infrastructure in developing countries and improvements in data collection and research. This resource would be useful for anyone with an interest in disability and development

The challenge of prosthetic services in developing countries

LUNDQUIST, Michael
December 2002

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This article describes the challenges of providing landmine victims and other disabled persons in developing countries with the support and services they need to recover. The author explains that a holistic approach to rehabilitative care is necessary and applies this principle to community-based rehabilitation

Victim assistance : a way forward emerges

FIEDERLEIN, Suzanne
December 2002

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This journal article describes victim assistance and its evolution throughout the years to assist landmine victims around the world. It presents a brief introduction, describes victim assistance’s place in mine action and its achievements. It further describes new initiatives, highlights the need for collection and exchange of data, presents the funding challenges and concludes by focusing upon improved coordination
Journal of Mine Action 6.3

Teleconsultation practice guidelines : recommendations of experts in telecare. A guideline from G8 GHAP Subproject 4 Group

NERLICH, Michael L
et al
December 2002

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This document provides guidelines for establishing policies and procedures to promote safe, high quality application of teleconsultation technology to the practice of medicine. The guidelines are based on expert knowledge and a review of high level scientific evidence 1970-1999. Recommendations on all aspects of teleconsulation in any medical field will be regularly updated

Transport [whole issue]

PARSLEY, Linda
Ed
November 2002

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Issue 15 of the newsletter of the DFID funded Knowledge and Research Infrastructure and Urban Development programme. It provides information on the activities taking place as part of the programme, and references to recent publications, including reports, papers and books

How will the reduction of tariffs and taxes on insecticide-treated bednets affect household purchases?

SIMON, Jonathon L
et al
November 2002

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Presents an approach for analysing the extent to which reforms of tariff and tax policy can be expected to increase ITN purchases. Considers the effect on retail prices if tariffs and taxes are eliminated; and the degree to which consumer demand reponds to changes in the retail price of ITNs. Concludes that the impact will be country-specific, and that information about market structure and cost conditions in each country is needed for accurate predictions

Research for poverty reduction : DFID research policy paper

SURR, Martin
et al
November 2002

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This report proposes policies and principles to guide DFID's research work over the long term. It also identifies the need for better communication to enhance the pro-poor impact of DFID's research programme. The paper argues that research has a crucial role to play in helping to develop evidence-based, innovative approaches to international development and acknowledges the high quality of much current practice. It also acknowledges that research is only one element in a system; research needs to be located within the context of wider knowledge or innovation systems. Networks and trust-relationships between various players are central to knowledge systems. These relationships form the key communication channels. The report is also suggesting that DfID improve its understanding of knowledge systems, in which DfID funded research takes place

Collateral damage : the health and environmental costs of war on Iraq

SALVAGE, Jane
November 2002

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This is a report on the impact of the 1900-1991 Gulf War on the Iraqi population. An estimated 205,000 Iraqis died in 1991, and an excess of 47,000 deaths among children under five were reported from January to August 1991. The consequences of armed conflicts are generally felt for decades, as the natural environment and essential infrastructure (including health services) are damaged or destroyed. Iraq's infrastructure was extensively damaged, and biological and chemical pollutants were widely dispersed. Sanctions, the Oil-for-Food Programme, and No-Fly Zones undermined recovery and reconstruction efforts in the aftermath of the war

Ndola demonstration project : a midterm analysis of lessons learned

HORIZONS PROGRAM
November 2002

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This report summarises baseline and midterm findings of an intervention pilot study conducted in Ndola District, Zambia. The aim of the research was to investigate how integrating services for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMCT) of HIV into low-resource maternal and child health (MCH) and antenatal care (ANC) settings influences women’s ability to make and implement informed decisions about HIV. The intervention strengthened routine services and introduced HIV voluntary counselling and testing and PMCT counselling and services into the MCH/ANC setting. Exclusive breast feeding was promoted for all mothers with infants below 6 months old

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